Note
Click here to download the full example code
Two-sample ALE meta-analysis
Meta-analytic projects often involve a number of common steps comparing two or more samples.
In this example, we replicate the ALE-based analyses from Enge et al.1.
A common project workflow with two meta-analytic samples involves the following:
Run a within-sample meta-analysis of the first sample.
Characterize/summarize the results of the first meta-analysis.
Run a within-sample meta-analysis of the second sample.
Characterize/summarize the results of the second meta-analysis.
Compare the two samples with a subtraction analysis.
Compare the two within-sample meta-analyses with a conjunction analysis.
import os
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from nilearn.plotting import plot_stat_map
Load Sleuth text files into Datasets
The data for this example are a subset of studies from a meta-analysis on semantic cognition in children 1. A first group of studies probed children’s semantic world knowledge (e.g., correctly naming an object after hearing its auditory description) while a second group of studies asked children to decide if two (or more) words were semantically related to one another or not.
from nimare.io import convert_sleuth_to_dataset
from nimare.utils import get_resource_path
knowledge_file = os.path.join(get_resource_path(), "semantic_knowledge_children.txt")
related_file = os.path.join(get_resource_path(), "semantic_relatedness_children.txt")
knowledge_dset = convert_sleuth_to_dataset(knowledge_file)
related_dset = convert_sleuth_to_dataset(related_file)
Individual group ALEs
Computing separate ALE analyses for each group is not strictly necessary for performing the subtraction analysis but will help the experimenter to appreciate the similarities and differences between the groups.
from nimare.correct import FWECorrector
from nimare.meta.cbma import ALE
ale = ALE(null_method="approximate")
knowledge_results = ale.fit(knowledge_dset)
related_results = ale.fit(related_dset)
corr = FWECorrector(method="montecarlo", voxel_thresh=0.001, n_iters=100, n_cores=2)
knowledge_corrected_results = corr.transform(knowledge_results)
related_corrected_results = corr.transform(related_results)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 10), nrows=2)
knowledge_img = knowledge_corrected_results.get_map(
"z_desc-size_level-cluster_corr-FWE_method-montecarlo"
)
plot_stat_map(
knowledge_img,
cut_coords=4,
display_mode="z",
title="Semantic knowledge",
threshold=2.326, # cluster-level p < .01, one-tailed
cmap="RdBu_r",
vmax=4,
axes=axes[0],
figure=fig,
)
related_img = related_corrected_results.get_map(
"z_desc-size_level-cluster_corr-FWE_method-montecarlo"
)
plot_stat_map(
related_img,
cut_coords=4,
display_mode="z",
title="Semantic relatedness",
threshold=2.326, # cluster-level p < .01, one-tailed
cmap="RdBu_r",
vmax=4,
axes=axes[1],
figure=fig,
)
fig.show()
Out:
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1%|1 | 1/100 [00:00<01:30, 1.09it/s]
3%|3 | 3/100 [00:01<00:59, 1.64it/s]
5%|5 | 5/100 [00:02<00:49, 1.91it/s]
7%|7 | 7/100 [00:03<00:47, 1.96it/s]
8%|8 | 8/100 [00:03<00:38, 2.37it/s]
9%|9 | 9/100 [00:04<00:45, 2.01it/s]
10%|# | 10/100 [00:04<00:36, 2.46it/s]
11%|#1 | 11/100 [00:05<00:46, 1.91it/s]
12%|#2 | 12/100 [00:05<00:37, 2.33it/s]
13%|#3 | 13/100 [00:06<00:44, 1.96it/s]
14%|#4 | 14/100 [00:06<00:35, 2.44it/s]
15%|#5 | 15/100 [00:07<00:45, 1.87it/s]
16%|#6 | 16/100 [00:07<00:35, 2.37it/s]
17%|#7 | 17/100 [00:08<00:42, 1.97it/s]
18%|#8 | 18/100 [00:08<00:33, 2.45it/s]
19%|#9 | 19/100 [00:09<00:42, 1.89it/s]
20%|## | 20/100 [00:09<00:34, 2.29it/s]
21%|##1 | 21/100 [00:10<00:39, 1.98it/s]
22%|##2 | 22/100 [00:10<00:33, 2.33it/s]
23%|##3 | 23/100 [00:11<00:40, 1.89it/s]
24%|##4 | 24/100 [00:11<00:33, 2.26it/s]
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28%|##8 | 28/100 [00:13<00:32, 2.21it/s]
29%|##9 | 29/100 [00:14<00:35, 1.98it/s]
30%|### | 30/100 [00:14<00:29, 2.36it/s]
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70%|####### | 70/100 [00:33<00:14, 2.08it/s]
71%|#######1 | 71/100 [00:33<00:13, 2.20it/s]
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80%|######## | 80/100 [00:37<00:10, 1.99it/s]
81%|########1 | 81/100 [00:38<00:08, 2.32it/s]
82%|########2 | 82/100 [00:38<00:08, 2.09it/s]
83%|########2 | 83/100 [00:39<00:07, 2.14it/s]
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88%|########8 | 88/100 [00:41<00:06, 1.95it/s]
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90%|######### | 90/100 [00:42<00:05, 2.00it/s]
91%|#########1| 91/100 [00:42<00:03, 2.29it/s]
92%|#########2| 92/100 [00:43<00:04, 1.90it/s]
93%|#########3| 93/100 [00:43<00:02, 2.40it/s]
94%|#########3| 94/100 [00:44<00:03, 1.99it/s]
95%|#########5| 95/100 [00:44<00:02, 2.32it/s]
96%|#########6| 96/100 [00:45<00:02, 1.91it/s]
97%|#########7| 97/100 [00:45<00:01, 2.46it/s]
98%|#########8| 98/100 [00:46<00:01, 1.95it/s]
99%|#########9| 99/100 [00:46<00:00, 2.39it/s]
100%|##########| 100/100 [00:47<00:00, 2.23it/s]
100%|##########| 100/100 [00:47<00:00, 2.12it/s]
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
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3%|3 | 3/100 [00:01<00:52, 1.86it/s]
5%|5 | 5/100 [00:02<00:43, 2.20it/s]
7%|7 | 7/100 [00:03<00:41, 2.23it/s]
9%|9 | 9/100 [00:04<00:38, 2.37it/s]
11%|#1 | 11/100 [00:04<00:38, 2.32it/s]
13%|#3 | 13/100 [00:05<00:36, 2.39it/s]
15%|#5 | 15/100 [00:06<00:35, 2.36it/s]
17%|#7 | 17/100 [00:07<00:33, 2.47it/s]
19%|#9 | 19/100 [00:08<00:33, 2.38it/s]
21%|##1 | 21/100 [00:09<00:32, 2.44it/s]
23%|##3 | 23/100 [00:09<00:32, 2.36it/s]
25%|##5 | 25/100 [00:10<00:30, 2.45it/s]
27%|##7 | 27/100 [00:11<00:30, 2.38it/s]
29%|##9 | 29/100 [00:12<00:29, 2.42it/s]
31%|###1 | 31/100 [00:13<00:28, 2.38it/s]
33%|###3 | 33/100 [00:14<00:27, 2.44it/s]
35%|###5 | 35/100 [00:14<00:27, 2.33it/s]
37%|###7 | 37/100 [00:15<00:25, 2.43it/s]
39%|###9 | 39/100 [00:16<00:26, 2.33it/s]
41%|####1 | 41/100 [00:17<00:24, 2.44it/s]
43%|####3 | 43/100 [00:18<00:23, 2.38it/s]
45%|####5 | 45/100 [00:19<00:22, 2.46it/s]
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51%|#####1 | 51/100 [00:21<00:20, 2.35it/s]
53%|#####3 | 53/100 [00:22<00:19, 2.42it/s]
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57%|#####6 | 57/100 [00:23<00:17, 2.50it/s]
59%|#####8 | 59/100 [00:24<00:16, 2.42it/s]
61%|######1 | 61/100 [00:25<00:15, 2.45it/s]
63%|######3 | 63/100 [00:26<00:15, 2.40it/s]
65%|######5 | 65/100 [00:27<00:14, 2.45it/s]
67%|######7 | 67/100 [00:28<00:14, 2.34it/s]
69%|######9 | 69/100 [00:29<00:12, 2.41it/s]
71%|#######1 | 71/100 [00:29<00:12, 2.40it/s]
73%|#######3 | 73/100 [00:30<00:11, 2.43it/s]
75%|#######5 | 75/100 [00:31<00:10, 2.40it/s]
77%|#######7 | 77/100 [00:32<00:09, 2.49it/s]
79%|#######9 | 79/100 [00:33<00:08, 2.42it/s]
81%|########1 | 81/100 [00:33<00:07, 2.51it/s]
83%|########2 | 83/100 [00:34<00:06, 2.46it/s]
85%|########5 | 85/100 [00:35<00:05, 2.53it/s]
87%|########7 | 87/100 [00:36<00:05, 2.45it/s]
89%|########9 | 89/100 [00:37<00:04, 2.53it/s]
91%|#########1| 91/100 [00:37<00:03, 2.46it/s]
93%|#########3| 93/100 [00:38<00:02, 2.52it/s]
95%|#########5| 95/100 [00:39<00:02, 2.47it/s]
96%|#########6| 96/100 [00:39<00:01, 2.82it/s]
97%|#########7| 97/100 [00:40<00:01, 2.42it/s]
99%|#########9| 99/100 [00:41<00:00, 2.38it/s]
100%|##########| 100/100 [00:41<00:00, 2.42it/s]
Characterize the relative contributions of experiments in the ALE results
NiMARE contains two methods for this: Jackknife
and FocusCounter.
We will show both below, but for the sake of speed we will only apply one to
each subgroup meta-analysis.
from nimare.diagnostics import FocusCounter
counter = FocusCounter(
target_image="z_desc-size_level-cluster_corr-FWE_method-montecarlo",
voxel_thresh=None,
)
knowledge_count_table, _ = counter.transform(knowledge_corrected_results)
knowledge_count_table.head(10)
Out:
0%| | 0/21 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
10%|9 | 2/21 [00:00<00:01, 18.60it/s]
19%|#9 | 4/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.42it/s]
29%|##8 | 6/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.51it/s]
38%|###8 | 8/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.60it/s]
48%|####7 | 10/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.58it/s]
57%|#####7 | 12/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.59it/s]
67%|######6 | 14/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.58it/s]
76%|#######6 | 16/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.64it/s]
86%|########5 | 18/21 [00:00<00:00, 18.70it/s]
95%|#########5| 20/21 [00:01<00:00, 18.75it/s]
100%|##########| 21/21 [00:01<00:00, 18.64it/s]
from nimare.diagnostics import Jackknife
jackknife = Jackknife(
target_image="z_desc-size_level-cluster_corr-FWE_method-montecarlo",
voxel_thresh=None,
)
related_jackknife_table, _ = jackknife.transform(related_corrected_results)
related_jackknife_table.head(10)
Out:
0%| | 0/16 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
6%|6 | 1/16 [00:01<00:23, 1.54s/it]
12%|#2 | 2/16 [00:03<00:21, 1.55s/it]
19%|#8 | 3/16 [00:04<00:20, 1.55s/it]
25%|##5 | 4/16 [00:06<00:18, 1.55s/it]
31%|###1 | 5/16 [00:07<00:16, 1.54s/it]
38%|###7 | 6/16 [00:09<00:15, 1.56s/it]
44%|####3 | 7/16 [00:10<00:14, 1.56s/it]
50%|##### | 8/16 [00:12<00:12, 1.55s/it]
56%|#####6 | 9/16 [00:13<00:10, 1.55s/it]
62%|######2 | 10/16 [00:15<00:09, 1.54s/it]
69%|######8 | 11/16 [00:17<00:07, 1.54s/it]
75%|#######5 | 12/16 [00:18<00:06, 1.55s/it]
81%|########1 | 13/16 [00:20<00:04, 1.55s/it]
88%|########7 | 14/16 [00:21<00:03, 1.55s/it]
94%|#########3| 15/16 [00:23<00:01, 1.53s/it]
100%|##########| 16/16 [00:24<00:00, 1.53s/it]
100%|##########| 16/16 [00:24<00:00, 1.54s/it]
Subtraction analysis
Typically, one would use at least 10000 iterations for a subtraction analysis. However, we have reduced this to 100 iterations for this example.
from nimare.meta.cbma import ALESubtraction
sub = ALESubtraction(n_iters=100, n_cores=1)
res_sub = sub.fit(knowledge_dset, related_dset)
img_sub = res_sub.get_map("z_desc-group1MinusGroup2")
plot_stat_map(
img_sub,
cut_coords=4,
display_mode="z",
title="Subtraction",
cmap="RdBu_r",
vmax=4,
)
Out:
0%| | 0/100 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
1%|1 | 1/100 [00:00<00:45, 2.20it/s]
2%|2 | 2/100 [00:00<00:43, 2.24it/s]
3%|3 | 3/100 [00:01<00:43, 2.23it/s]
4%|4 | 4/100 [00:01<00:43, 2.21it/s]
5%|5 | 5/100 [00:02<00:43, 2.21it/s]
6%|6 | 6/100 [00:02<00:42, 2.23it/s]
7%|7 | 7/100 [00:03<00:41, 2.24it/s]
8%|8 | 8/100 [00:03<00:40, 2.25it/s]
9%|9 | 9/100 [00:04<00:40, 2.26it/s]
10%|# | 10/100 [00:04<00:40, 2.24it/s]
11%|#1 | 11/100 [00:04<00:39, 2.24it/s]
12%|#2 | 12/100 [00:05<00:39, 2.23it/s]
13%|#3 | 13/100 [00:05<00:39, 2.21it/s]
14%|#4 | 14/100 [00:06<00:38, 2.23it/s]
15%|#5 | 15/100 [00:06<00:37, 2.24it/s]
16%|#6 | 16/100 [00:07<00:37, 2.21it/s]
17%|#7 | 17/100 [00:07<00:37, 2.24it/s]
18%|#8 | 18/100 [00:08<00:36, 2.24it/s]
19%|#9 | 19/100 [00:08<00:36, 2.24it/s]
20%|## | 20/100 [00:08<00:35, 2.25it/s]
21%|##1 | 21/100 [00:09<00:35, 2.24it/s]
22%|##2 | 22/100 [00:09<00:34, 2.26it/s]
23%|##3 | 23/100 [00:10<00:34, 2.25it/s]
24%|##4 | 24/100 [00:10<00:34, 2.23it/s]
25%|##5 | 25/100 [00:11<00:33, 2.24it/s]
26%|##6 | 26/100 [00:11<00:32, 2.27it/s]
27%|##7 | 27/100 [00:12<00:32, 2.26it/s]
28%|##8 | 28/100 [00:12<00:31, 2.27it/s]
29%|##9 | 29/100 [00:12<00:30, 2.29it/s]
30%|### | 30/100 [00:13<00:30, 2.29it/s]
31%|###1 | 31/100 [00:13<00:30, 2.27it/s]
32%|###2 | 32/100 [00:14<00:30, 2.25it/s]
33%|###3 | 33/100 [00:14<00:29, 2.24it/s]
34%|###4 | 34/100 [00:15<00:29, 2.25it/s]
35%|###5 | 35/100 [00:15<00:28, 2.28it/s]
36%|###6 | 36/100 [00:15<00:27, 2.31it/s]
37%|###7 | 37/100 [00:16<00:27, 2.32it/s]
38%|###8 | 38/100 [00:16<00:27, 2.28it/s]
39%|###9 | 39/100 [00:17<00:26, 2.28it/s]
40%|#### | 40/100 [00:17<00:26, 2.26it/s]
41%|####1 | 41/100 [00:18<00:25, 2.28it/s]
42%|####2 | 42/100 [00:18<00:25, 2.29it/s]
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45%|####5 | 45/100 [00:19<00:23, 2.33it/s]
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49%|####9 | 49/100 [00:21<00:22, 2.27it/s]
50%|##### | 50/100 [00:22<00:22, 2.26it/s]
51%|#####1 | 51/100 [00:22<00:21, 2.26it/s]
52%|#####2 | 52/100 [00:22<00:21, 2.28it/s]
53%|#####3 | 53/100 [00:23<00:20, 2.29it/s]
54%|#####4 | 54/100 [00:23<00:20, 2.29it/s]
55%|#####5 | 55/100 [00:24<00:20, 2.23it/s]
56%|#####6 | 56/100 [00:24<00:19, 2.22it/s]
57%|#####6 | 57/100 [00:25<00:19, 2.24it/s]
58%|#####8 | 58/100 [00:25<00:18, 2.28it/s]
59%|#####8 | 59/100 [00:26<00:18, 2.27it/s]
60%|###### | 60/100 [00:26<00:17, 2.27it/s]
61%|######1 | 61/100 [00:26<00:17, 2.29it/s]
62%|######2 | 62/100 [00:27<00:16, 2.31it/s]
63%|######3 | 63/100 [00:27<00:15, 2.32it/s]
64%|######4 | 64/100 [00:28<00:15, 2.30it/s]
65%|######5 | 65/100 [00:28<00:15, 2.28it/s]
66%|######6 | 66/100 [00:29<00:15, 2.20it/s]
67%|######7 | 67/100 [00:29<00:15, 2.18it/s]
68%|######8 | 68/100 [00:30<00:14, 2.21it/s]
69%|######9 | 69/100 [00:30<00:13, 2.24it/s]
70%|####### | 70/100 [00:30<00:13, 2.26it/s]
71%|#######1 | 71/100 [00:31<00:12, 2.29it/s]
72%|#######2 | 72/100 [00:31<00:12, 2.28it/s]
73%|#######3 | 73/100 [00:32<00:11, 2.28it/s]
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76%|#######6 | 76/100 [00:33<00:10, 2.26it/s]
77%|#######7 | 77/100 [00:34<00:10, 2.29it/s]
78%|#######8 | 78/100 [00:34<00:09, 2.30it/s]
79%|#######9 | 79/100 [00:34<00:09, 2.29it/s]
80%|######## | 80/100 [00:35<00:08, 2.30it/s]
81%|########1 | 81/100 [00:35<00:08, 2.31it/s]
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90%|######### | 90/100 [00:39<00:04, 2.29it/s]
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92%|#########2| 92/100 [00:40<00:03, 2.31it/s]
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95%|#########5| 95/100 [00:41<00:02, 2.32it/s]
96%|#########6| 96/100 [00:42<00:01, 2.33it/s]
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98%|#########8| 98/100 [00:43<00:00, 2.30it/s]
99%|#########9| 99/100 [00:43<00:00, 2.30it/s]
100%|##########| 100/100 [00:44<00:00, 2.31it/s]
100%|##########| 100/100 [00:44<00:00, 2.27it/s]
0%| | 0/228483 [00:00<?, ?it/s]
0%| | 891/228483 [00:00<00:25, 8908.90it/s]
1%| | 1804/228483 [00:00<00:25, 9036.64it/s]
1%|1 | 2710/228483 [00:00<00:24, 9043.19it/s]
2%|1 | 3615/228483 [00:00<00:25, 8943.78it/s]
2%|1 | 4516/228483 [00:00<00:24, 8963.97it/s]
2%|2 | 5426/228483 [00:00<00:24, 9007.94it/s]
3%|2 | 6327/228483 [00:00<00:25, 8861.26it/s]
3%|3 | 7217/228483 [00:00<00:24, 8872.52it/s]
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10%|# | 23571/228483 [00:02<00:22, 9063.12it/s]
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<nilearn.plotting.displays._slicers.ZSlicer object at 0x7fd052999290>
Conjunction analysis
To determine the overlap of the meta-analytic results, a conjunction image
can be computed by (a) identifying voxels that were statistically significant
in both individual group maps and (b) selecting, for each of these voxels,
the smaller of the two group-specific z values Nichols et al.2.
Since this is simple arithmetic on images, conjunction is not implemented as
a separate method in NiMARE but can easily be achieved with
nilearn.image.math_img().
from nilearn.image import math_img
formula = "np.where(img1 * img2 > 0, np.minimum(img1, img2), 0)"
img_conj = math_img(formula, img1=knowledge_img, img2=related_img)
plot_stat_map(
img_conj,
cut_coords=4,
display_mode="z",
title="Conjunction",
threshold=2.326, # cluster-level p < .01, one-tailed
cmap="RdBu_r",
vmax=4,
)
Out:
<nilearn.plotting.displays._slicers.ZSlicer object at 0x7fd044a8e750>
References
- 1(1,2)
Alexander Enge, Rasha Abdel Rahman, and Michael A Skeide. A meta-analysis of fmri studies of semantic cognition in children. NeuroImage, 241:118436, 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118436, doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118436.
- 2
Thomas Nichols, Matthew Brett, Jesper Andersson, Tor Wager, and Jean-Baptiste Poline. Valid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic. Neuroimage, 25(3):653–660, 2005. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005, doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005.
Total running time of the script: ( 3 minutes 35.251 seconds)